RAM 3500 (2019 year). Instruction — part 34

SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

541

(Continued)

Tires — General Information

Tire Pressure

Proper tire inflation pressure is essential to the safe and satis-

factory operation of your vehicle. Four primary areas are

affected by improper tire pressure:
• Safety and Vehicle Stability
• Economy
• Tread Wear
• Ride Comfort
Safety

Both under-inflation and over-inflation affect the stability of

the vehicle and can produce a feeling of sluggish response or

over responsiveness in the steering.
NOTE:
• Unequal tire pressures from side to side may cause erratic

and unpredictable steering response.

• Unequal tire pressure from side to side may cause the

vehicle to drift left or right.

WARNING!

• Improperly inflated tires are dangerous and can cause

collisions.

• Underinflation increases tire flexing and can result in

overheating and tire failure.

• Overinflation reduces a tire's ability to cushion shock.

Objects on the road and chuckholes can cause damage

that result in tire failure.

• Overinflated or underinflated tires can affect vehicle

handling and can fail suddenly, resulting in loss of

vehicle control.

• Unequal tire pressures can cause steering problems.

You could lose control of your vehicle.

• Unequal tire pressures from one side of the vehicle to

the other can cause the vehicle to drift to the right or

left.

• Always drive with each tire inflated to the recom-

mended cold tire inflation pressure.

WARNING! (Continued)

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542 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

Fuel Economy
Underinflated tires will increase tire rolling resistance

resulting in higher fuel consumption.
Tread Wear
Improper cold tire inflation pressures can cause abnormal

wear patterns and reduced tread life, resulting in the need

for earlier tire replacement.
Ride Comfort And Vehicle Stability
Proper tire inflation contributes to a comfortable ride.

Over-inflation produces a jarring and uncomfortable ride.
Tire Inflation Pressures

The proper cold tire inflation pressure is listed on the driver's

side B-Pillar or rear edge of the driver's side door.
At least once a month:
• Check and adjust tire pressure with a good quality

pocket-type pressure gauge. Do not make a visual judge-

ment when determining proper inflation. Tires may look

properly inflated even when they are under-inflated.

• Inspect tires for signs of tire wear or visible damage.

Inflation pressures specified on the placard are always “cold

tire inflation pressure”. Cold tire inflation pressure is

defined as the tire pressure after the vehicle has not been

driven for at least three hours, or driven less than 1 mile

(1.6 km) after sitting for a minimum of three hours. The cold

tire inflation pressure must not exceed the maximum infla-

tion pressure molded into the tire sidewall.
Check tire pressures more often if subject to a wide range of

outdoor temperatures, as tire pressures vary with tempera-

ture changes.
Tire pressures change by approximately 1 psi (7 kPa) per

12°F (7°C) of air temperature change. Keep this in mind

when checking tire pressure inside a garage, especially in the

Winter.

CAUTION!

After inspecting or adjusting the tire pressure, always

reinstall the valve stem cap. This will prevent moisture

and dirt from entering the valve stem, which could

damage the valve stem.

SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

543

Example: If garage temperature = 68°F (20°C) and the

outside temperature = 32°F (0°C) then the cold tire inflation

pressure should be increased by 3 psi (21 kPa), which equals

1 psi (7 kPa) for every 12°F (7°C) for this outside temperature

condition.
Tire pressure may increase from 2 to 6 psi (13 to 40 kPa)

during operation. DO NOT reduce this normal pressure

build up or your tire pressure will be too low.
Tire Pressures For High Speed Operation

The manufacturer advocates driving at safe speeds and

within posted speed limits. Where speed limits or conditions

are such that the vehicle can be driven at high speeds, main-

taining correct tire inflation pressure is very important.

Increased tire pressure and reduced vehicle loading may be

required for high-speed vehicle operation. Refer to an autho-

rized tire dealer or original equipment vehicle dealer for

recommended safe operating speeds, loading and cold tire

inflation pressures.

Radial Ply Tires

Tire Repair
If your tire becomes damaged, it may be repaired if it meets

the following criteria:
• The tire has not been driven on when flat.
• The damage is only on the tread section of your tire (side-

wall damage is not repairable).

• The puncture is no greater than a ¼ of an inch (6 mm).

WARNING!

High speed driving with your vehicle under maximum

load is dangerous. The added strain on your tires could

cause them to fail. You could have a serious collision. Do

not drive a vehicle loaded to the maximum capacity at

continuous speeds above 75 mph (120 km/h).

WARNING!

Combining radial ply tires with other types of tires on

your vehicle will cause your vehicle to handle poorly.

The instability could cause a collision. Always use radial

ply tires in sets of four. Never combine them with other

types of tires.

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544 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

Consult an authorized tire dealer for tire repairs and addi-

tional information.
Damaged Run Flat tires, or Run Flat tires that have experi-

enced a loss of pressure should be replaced immediately

with another Run Flat tire of identical size and service

description (Load Index and Speed Symbol). Replace the tire

pressure sensor as well as it is not designed to be reused.
Run Flat Tires — If Equipped

Run Flat tires allow you the capability to drive 50 miles

(80 km) at 50 mph (80 km/h) after a rapid loss of inflation

pressure. This rapid loss of inflation is referred to as the Run

Flat mode. A Run Flat mode occurs when the tire inflation

pressure is of/or below 14 psi (96 kPa). Once a Run Flat tire

reaches the run flat mode it has limited driving capabilities

and needs to be replaced immediately. A Run Flat tire is not

repairable. When a run flat tire is changed after driving with

underinflated tire condition, please replace the TPM sensor

as it is not designed to be reused when driven under run flat

mode (14 psi (96 kPa)) condition.

NOTE:

TPM Sensor must be replaced after driving the vehicle on a

flat tire condition.
It is not recommended driving a vehicle loaded at full

capacity or to tow a trailer while a tire is in the run flat mode.
See the tire pressure monitoring section for more information.
Tire Spinning

When stuck in mud, sand, snow, or ice conditions, do not

spin your vehicle's wheels above 30 mph (48 km/h) or for

longer than 30 seconds continuously without stopping.
Refer to “Freeing A Stuck Vehicle” in “In Case Of Emer-

gency” for further information.

WARNING!

Fast spinning tires can be dangerous. Forces generated

by excessive wheel speeds may cause tire damage or

failure. A tire could explode and injure someone. Do not

spin your vehicle's wheels faster than 30 mph (48 km/h)

for more than 30 seconds continuously when you are

stuck, and do not let anyone near a spinning wheel, no

matter what the speed.

SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

545

Tread Wear Indicators

Tread wear indicators are in the original equipment tires to

help you in determining when your tires should be replaced.

Tire Tread

These indicators are molded into the bottom of the tread

grooves. They will appear as bands when the tread depth

becomes a 1/16 of an inch (1.6 mm). When the tread is worn to

the tread wear indicators, the tire should be replaced.
Refer to “Replacement Tires” in this section for further information.

Life Of Tire

The service life of a tire is dependent upon varying factors

including, but not limited to:
• Driving style.
• Tire pressure - Improper cold tire inflation pressures can

cause uneven wear patterns to develop across the tire

tread. These abnormal wear patterns will reduce tread life,

resulting in the need for earlier tire replacement.

• Distance driven.
• Performance tires, tires with a speed rating of V or higher,

and Summer tires typically have a reduced tread life. Rota-

tion of these tires per the vehicle scheduled maintenance is

highly recommended.

1 — Worn Tire

2 — New Tire

WARNING!

Tires and the spare tire should be replaced after six

years, regardless of the remaining tread. Failure to follow

this warning can result in sudden tire failure. You could

lose control and have a collision resulting in serious

injury or death.

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546 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

(Continued)

NOTE:

Wheel Valve Stem must be replaced as well when installing

new tires due to wear and tear in existing tires.
Keep dismounted tires in a cool, dry place with as little expo-

sure to light as possible. Protect tires from contact with oil,

grease, and gasoline.
Replacement Tires

The tires on your new vehicle provide a balance of many

characteristics. They should be inspected regularly for wear

and correct cold tire inflation pressures. The manufacturer

strongly recommends that you use tires equivalent to the

originals in size, quality and performance when replacement

is needed. Refer to the paragraph on “Tread Wear Indica-

tors” in this section. Refer to the Tire and Loading Informa-

tion placard or the Vehicle Certification Label for the size

designation of your tire. The Load Index and Speed Symbol

for your tire will be found on the original equipment tire

sidewall.
See the Tire Sizing Chart example found in the “Tire Safety

Information” section of this instruction for more information

relating to the Load Index and Speed Symbol of a tire.

It is recommended to replace the two front tires or two rear

tires as a pair. Replacing just one tire can seriously affect

your vehicle’s handling. If you ever replace a wheel, make

sure that the wheel’s specifications match those of the orig-

inal wheels.
It is recommended you contact an authorized tire dealer or

original equipment dealer with any questions you may have

on tire specifications or capability. Failure to use equivalent

replacement tires may adversely affect the safety, handling,

and ride of your vehicle.

WARNING!

• Do not use a tire, wheel size, load rating, or speed rating

other than that specified for your vehicle. Some combi-

nations of unapproved tires and wheels may change

suspension dimensions and performance characteris-

tics, resulting in changes to steering, handling, and

braking of your vehicle. This can cause unpredictable

handling and stress to steering and suspension compo-

nents. You could lose control and have a collision

resulting in serious injury or death. Use only the tire

and wheel sizes with load ratings approved for your

vehicle.

SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

547

Tire Types

All Season Tires — If Equipped

All Season tires provide traction for all seasons (Spring,

Summer, Fall, and Winter). Traction levels may vary

between different all season tires. All season tires can be

identified by the M+S, M&S, M/S or MS designation on the

tire sidewall. Use all season tires only in sets of four; failure

to do so may adversely affect the safety and handling of your

vehicle.

Summer Or Three Season Tires — If Equipped

Summer tires provide traction in both wet and dry condi-

tions, and are not intended to be driven in snow or on ice. If

your vehicle is equipped with Summer tires, be aware these

tires are not designed for Winter or cold driving conditions.

Install Winter tires on your vehicle when ambient tempera-

tures are less than 40°F (5°C) or if roads are covered with ice

or snow. For more information, contact an authorized dealer.
Summer tires do not contain the all season designation or

mountain/snowflake symbol on the tire sidewall. Use

Summer tires only in sets of four; failure to do so may

adversely affect the safety and handling of your vehicle.

• Never use a tire with a smaller load index or capacity,

other than what was originally equipped on your

vehicle. Using a tire with a smaller load index could

result in tire overloading and failure. You could lose

control and have a collision.

• Failure to equip your vehicle with tires having

adequate speed capability can result in sudden tire

failure and loss of vehicle control.

CAUTION!

Replacing original tires with tires of a different size may

result in false speedometer and odometer readings.

WARNING! (Continued)

WARNING!

Do not use Summer tires in snow/ice conditions. You

could lose vehicle control, resulting in severe injury or

death. Driving too fast for conditions also creates the

possibility of loss of vehicle control.

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548 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

Snow Tires

Some areas of the country require the use of snow tires

during the Winter. Snow tires can be identified by a “moun-

tain/snowflake” symbol on the tire sidewall.

If you need snow tires, select tires equivalent in size

and type to the original equipment tires. Use snow

tires only in sets of four; failure to do so may

adversely affect the safety and handling of your vehicle.
Snow tires generally have lower speed ratings than what was

originally equipped with your vehicle and should not be

operated at sustained speeds over 75 mph (120 km/h). For

speeds above 75 mph (120 km/h) refer to original equipment

or an authorized tire dealer for recommended safe operating

speeds, loading and cold tire inflation pressures.
While studded tires improve performance on ice, skid and

traction capability on wet or dry surfaces may be poorer than

that of non-studded tires. Some states prohibit studded tires;

therefore, local laws should be checked before using these

tire types.

Spare Tires — If Equipped

NOTE:

For vehicles equipped with Tire Service Kit instead of a spare

tire, please refer to “Tire Service Kit” in “In Case Of Emer-

gency” for further information.

Refer to the “Towing Requirements - Tires” in “Starting And

Operating” for restrictions when towing with a spare tire

designated for temporary emergency use.
Spare Tire Matching Original Equipped Tire And Wheel — If
Equipped

Your vehicle may be equipped with a spare tire and wheel

equivalent in look and function to the original equipment

tire and wheel found on the front or rear axle of your vehicle.

This spare tire may be used in the tire rotation for your

vehicle. If your vehicle has this option, refer to an authorized

tire dealer for the recommended tire rotation pattern.

CAUTION!

Because of the reduced ground clearance, do not take

your vehicle through an automatic car wash with a

compact or limited use temporary spare installed.

Damage to the vehicle may result.

SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

549

Compact Spare Tire — If Equipped

The compact spare is for temporary emergency use only.

You can identify if your vehicle is equipped with a compact

spare by looking at the spare tire description on the Tire and

Loading Information Placard located on the driver’s side

door opening or on the sidewall of the tire. Compact spare

tire descriptions begin with the letter “T” or “S” preceding

the size designation. Example: T145/80D18 103M.
T, S = Temporary Spare Tire
Since this tire has limited tread life, the original equipment

tire should be repaired (or replaced) and reinstalled on your

vehicle at the first opportunity.
Do not install a wheel cover or attempt to mount a conven-

tional tire on the compact spare wheel, since the wheel is

designed specifically for the compact spare tire. Do not

install more than one compact spare tire and wheel on the

vehicle at any given time.

Collapsible Spare Tire — If Equipped

The collapsible spare is for temporary emergency use only.

You can identify if your vehicle is equipped with a collaps-

ible spare by looking at the spare tire description on the Tire

and Loading Information Placard located on the driver’s side

door opening or on the sidewall of the tire.
Collapsible spare tire description example: 165/80-17 101P.
Since this tire has limited tread life, the original equipment

tire should be repaired (or replaced) and reinstalled on your

vehicle at the first opportunity.
Inflate collapsible tire only after the wheel is properly

installed to the vehicle. Inflate the collapsible tire using the

electric air pump before lowering the vehicle.

WARNING!

Compact and collapsible spares are for temporary

emergency use only. With these spares, do not drive

more than 50 mph (80 km/h). Temporary use spares have

limited tread life. When the tread is worn to the tread

wear indicators, the temporary use spare tire needs to be

replaced. Be sure to follow the warnings, which apply to

your spare. Failure to do so could result in spare tire

failure and loss of vehicle control.

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550 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

Do not install a wheel cover or attempt to mount a conven-

tional tire on the collapsible spare wheel, since the wheel is

designed specifically for the collapsible spare tire.

Full Size Spare — If Equipped

The full size spare is for temporary emergency use only. This

tire may look like the originally equipped tire on the front or

rear axle of your vehicle, but it is not. This spare tire may

have limited tread life. When the tread is worn to the tread

wear indicators, the temporary use full size spare tire needs

to be replaced. Since it is not the same as your original equip-

ment tire, replace (or repair) the original equipment tire and

reinstall on the vehicle at the first opportunity.

Limited Use Spare — If Equipped

The limited use spare tire is for temporary emergency use

only. This tire is identified by a label located on the limited

use spare wheel. This label contains the driving limitations

for this spare. This tire may look like the original equipped

tire on the front or rear axle of your vehicle, but it is not.

Installation of this limited use spare tire affects vehicle

handling. Since it is not the same as your original equipment

tire, replace (or repair) the original equipment tire and rein-

stall on the vehicle at the first opportunity.

WARNING!

Compact and Collapsible spares are for temporary

emergency use only. With these spares, do not drive

more than 50 mph (80 km/h). Temporary use spares have

limited tread life. When the tread is worn to the tread

wear indicators, the temporary use spare tire needs to be

replaced. Be sure to follow the warnings, which apply to

your spare. Failure to do so could result in spare tire

failure and loss of vehicle control.

WARNING!

Limited use spares are for emergency use only.

Installation of this limited use spare tire affects vehicle

handling. With this tire, do not drive more than the

speed listed on the limited use spare wheel. Keep

inflated to the cold tire inflation pressures listed on your

Tire and Loading Information Placard located on the

driver’s side B-Pillar or the rear edge of the driver’s side

door. Replace (or repair) the original equipment tire at

the first opportunity and reinstall it on your vehicle.

Failure to do so could result in loss of vehicle control.

SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

551

Wheel And Wheel Trim Care

All wheels and wheel trim, especially aluminum and chrome

plated wheels, should be cleaned regularly using mild

(neutral Ph) soap and water to maintain their luster and to

prevent corrosion. Wash wheels with the same soap solution

recommended for the body of the vehicle and remember to

always wash when the surfaces are not hot to the touch.
Your wheels are susceptible to deterioration caused by salt,

sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, etc.,

and other road chemicals used to melt ice or control dust on

dirt roads. Use a soft cloth or sponge and mild soap to wipe

away promptly. Do not use harsh chemicals or a stiff brush.

They can damage the wheel’s protective coating that helps

keep them from corroding and tarnishing.

When cleaning extremely dirty wheels including excessive

brake dust, care must be taken in the selection of tire and

wheel cleaning chemicals and equipment to prevent damage

to the wheels. Mopar Wheel Treatment or Mopar Chrome

Cleaner or their equivalent is recommended or select a

non-abrasive, non-acidic cleaner for aluminum or chrome

wheels.

NOTE:

If you intend parking or storing your vehicle for an extended

period after cleaning the wheels with wheel cleaner, drive

your vehicle and apply the brakes to remove the water drop-

lets from the brake components. This activity will remove the

red rust on the brake rotors and prevent vehicle vibration

when braking.

CAUTION!

Avoid products or automatic car washes that use acidic

solutions or strong alkaline additives or harsh brushes.

Many aftermarket wheel cleaners and automatic car

washes may damage the wheel's protective finish. Such

damage is not covered by the New Vehicle Limited

Warranty. Only car wash soap, Mopar Wheel Cleaner or

equivalent is recommended.

CAUTION!

Do not use scouring pads, steel wool, a bristle brush,

metal polishes or oven cleaner. These products may

damage the wheel's protective finish. Such damage is not

covered by the New Vehicle Limited Warranty. Only car

wash soap, Mopar Wheel Cleaner or equivalent is

recommended.

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552 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

Dark Vapor Chrome, Black Satin Chrome, or Low Gloss

Clear Coat Wheels

Tire Chains (Traction Devices)

Use of traction devices require sufficient tire-to-body clear-

ance. Follow these recommendations to guard against

damage.
• Traction device must be of proper size for the tire, as

recommended by the traction device manufacturer.

Please follow the table below for proper tire size, chain type,

and axle recommendations:

CAUTION!

If your vehicle is equipped with these specialty wheels, DO

NOT USE wheel cleaners, abrasives, or polishing compounds.

They will permanently damage this finish and such damage is

not covered by the New Vehicle Limited Warranty. HAND

WASH ONLY USING MILD SOAP AND WATER WITH A

SOFT CLOTH. Used on a regular basis; this is all that is

required to maintain this finish.

Vehicle

Axle

Recommendations

Tire Sizes

Chain Class

2500 Models

Rear Only

LT245/70R17E

LT275/70R18E U Class

2500 Power Wagon Models

Rear Only

LT285/70R17D U Class

3500 (Single Rear Wheel) Models

Rear Only

LT275/70R18E U Class

3500 (Dual Rear Wheel) Models

Front/Rear

LT235/80R17E U Class

WARNING!

Using tires of different size and type (M+S, Snow)

between front and rear axles can cause unpredictable

handling. You could lose control and have a collision.

SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

553

Tire Rotation Recommendations

Tires on the front and rear axles of vehicles operate at

different loads and perform different steering, driving, and

braking functions. For these reasons, they wear at unequal

rates.
These effects can be reduced by timely rotation of tires. The

benefits of rotation are especially worthwhile with aggres-

sive tread designs such as those on all season type tires. Rota-

tion will increase tread life, help to maintain mud, snow and

wet traction levels and contribute to a smooth, quiet ride.
Refer to the “Maintenance Plan” for the proper maintenance

intervals. More frequent rotation is permissible if desired.

The reasons for any rapid or unusual wear should be

corrected prior to rotation being performed.

CAUTION!

To avoid damage to your vehicle or tires, observe the

following precautions:
• Because of restricted traction device clearance between

tires and other suspension components, it is important

that only traction devices in good condition are used.

Broken devices can cause serious damage. Stop the

vehicle immediately if noise occurs that could indicate

device breakage. Remove the damaged parts of the

device before further use.

• Install device as tightly as possible and then retighten

after driving about ½ mile (0.8 km).

• Do not exceed 30 mph (48 km/h).
• Drive cautiously and avoid severe turns and large

bumps, especially with a loaded vehicle.

• Do not drive for a prolonged period on dry pavement.
• Observe the traction device manufacturer’s instruc-

tions on the method of installation, operating speed,

and conditions for use. Always use the suggested oper-

ating speed of the device manufacturer’s if it is less

than 30 mph (48 km/h).

• Do not use traction devices on a compact spare tire.

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554 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

The suggested rotation method is the “rearward cross”

shown in the following diagram. This rotation pattern does

not apply to some directional tires that must not be reversed.

Tire Rotation

Dual Rear Wheels — If Equipped

The tires used on dual wheel assemblies should be matched

for wear to prevent overloading one tire in a set. To check if

tires are even, lay a straight edge across all four tires. The

straight edge should touch all the tires.

Tire Rotation

555

(Continued)

NOTE:

If your vehicle is equipped with a Tire Pressure Information

System (TPIS):
• The Tire Pressure Information System (TPIS) uses unique

sensors in the inner rear wheels to help identify them from

the outer rear wheels, because of this, the inner and outer

wheel locations can’t be switched.

• After a tire rotation is completed, as shown below, the

system can auto learn the locations of each sensor ID. Auto

learning/localization occurs when the vehicle ignition

status is changed from Off to On and speeds of greater

than 5 mph (8km/h) are obtained and remain over 5 mph

(8km/h) for at about a 15 minute period. You may need to

drive for 20 minutes to account slower speeds and stops.

• If the tires are rotated incorrectly, The auto localization of

the TPIS sensors will fail to locate correctly resulting in

incorrect locations for the pressure values displayed in the

instrument cluster.

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION UNIFORM
TIRE QUALITY GRADES

The following tire grading categories were established by

the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The

specific grade rating assigned by the tire's manufacturer

in each category is shown on the sidewall of the tires on

your vehicle.
All passenger vehicle tires must conform to Federal safety

requirements in addition to these grades.

CAUTION!

• 3500 Dual Rear Tires may only have one approved

direction of rotation. This is to accommodate the asym-

metrical design (tread pattern) of the On/Off-Road tire

and the use of Outline White Letter (OWL) tires.

• When replacing a flat, the spare tire may have to be

remounted on the rim, or installed at a different loca-

tion, to maintain the correct placement of the tire on the

wheel relative to the tire/wheel position on the truck.

For example, if the spare is used to replace an outer rear

tire it will have to be remounted on the rim so that the

wheel is dished inward. That way the tread design of

asymmetrical tires and the white writing of the OWL

tires will maintain proper position.

CAUTION! (Continued)

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556 SERVICING AND MAINTENANCE

Treadwear

The Treadwear grade is a comparative rating, based on

the wear rate of the tire when tested under controlled

conditions on a specified government test course. For

example, a tire graded 150 would wear one and one-half

times as well on the government course as a tire graded

100. The relative performance of tires depends upon the

actual conditions of their use, however, and may depart

significantly from the norm due to variations in driving

habits, service practices, and differences in road charac-

teristics and climate.
Traction Grades

The Traction grades, from highest to lowest, are AA, A, B,

and C. These grades represent the tire's ability to stop on

wet pavement, as measured under controlled conditions

on specified government test surfaces of asphalt and

concrete. A tire marked C may have poor traction perfor-

mance.

Temperature Grades

The Temperature grades are A (the highest), B, and C,

representing the tire's resistance to the generation of heat

and its ability to dissipate heat, when tested under

controlled conditions on a specified indoor laboratory test

wheel.
Sustained high temperature can cause the material of the

tire to degenerate and reduce tire life, and excessive

temperature can lead to sudden tire failure. The grade C

corresponds to a level of performance, which all

passenger vehicle tires must meet under the Federal

Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 109. Grades B and A

represent higher levels of performance on the laboratory

test wheel, than the minimum required by law.

WARNING!

The traction grade assigned to this tire is based on

straight-ahead braking traction tests, and does not

include acceleration, cornering, hydroplaning, or peak

traction characteristics.