Volvo XC70 (2016 year). Manual — part 18
09 Wheels and tires
09
288
Tires – general information
Your vehicle is equipped with tires according
to the vehicle's tire information placard on the
B-pillar (the structural member at the side of
the vehicle, at the rear of the driver's door
opening).
Introduction
Some Volvo models are equipped with an
Ultra High Performance tire and wheel
combination designed to provide maxi-
mum dry pavement performance with con-
sideration for hydroplaning resistance.
They may be more susceptible to road
hazard damage and, depending on driving
conditions, may achieve a tread life of less
than 20,000 miles (30,000 km). Even if this
vehicle is equipped with Volvo’s advanced
AWD or stability system, these tires are not
designed for winter driving, and should be
replaced with winter tires when weather
conditions dictate.
The tires have good road holding characteris-
tics and offer good handling on dry and wet
surfaces. It should be noted however that the
tires have been developed to give these fea-
tures on snow/ice-free surfaces.
Most models are equipped with "all-season"
tires, which provide a somewhat higher
degree of road holding on slippery surfaces
than tires without the "all-season" rating.
However, for optimum road holding on icy or
snow-covered roads, we recommend suitable
winter tires on all four wheels.
When replacing tires, be sure that the new
tires are the same size designation, type
(radial) and preferably from the same manu-
facturer, on all four wheels. Otherwise there is
a risk of altering the car's roadholding and
handling characteristics.
Tire rotation
Your vehicle has no required tire rotation. Tire
wear is affected by a number of factors such
as tire inflation, ambient temperature, driving
style, etc.
•
If the tires are rotated, they should
only be moved from front to rear or
vice versa. They should never be rota-
ted left to right/right to left.
•
Ideally, tire rotation should be done the
first time after approximately 3,000
miles (5,000 km) and thereafter at
6,000-mile (10,000-km) intervals.
Some customers find that tire rotation
may help to get extra mileage from tire
life.
•
Tire rotation should only be performed
if front/rear tire wear is fairly even and
tread height is above 1/16" (1.6 mm).
Related information
•
Tire inflation – pressure table (p. 300)
•
•
Changing a wheel – direction of rotation
•
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289
Tires – storage and age
When storing complete wheels (tires mounted
on rims), they should be suspended off the
floor or placed on their sides on the floor.
New Tires
Remember that tires are perishable goods. As
of 2000, the manufacturing week and year
(Department of Transportation (DOT) stamp)
will be indicated with 4 digits (e.g., 1513
means that the tire illustrated was manufac-
tured during week 15 of 2013).
Tire age
Tires degrade over time, even when they are
not being used. It is recommended that tires
generally be replaced after 6 years of normal
service. Heat caused by hot climates, fre-
quent high loading conditions or Ultra Violet
(U.V.) exposure can accelerate the aging
process. The temporary spare
1
should also
be replaced at 6-year intervals, even if it has
never been used.
A tire's age can be determined by the DOT
stamp on the sidewall (see the illustration).
A tire with e.g., visible cracks or discoloration
should be replaced immediately.
Storing wheels and tires
When storing completes wheels (tires moun-
ted on rims), they should be suspended off
the floor or placed on their sides on the floor.
Tires not mounted on rims should be stored
on their sides or standing upright, but should
not be suspended.
Tires should preferably be stored in a cool,
dry, dark place, and should never be
stored in close proximity to solvents, gaso-
line, oils, etc.
WARNING
•
The wheel and tire sizes for your Volvo
are specified to meet stringent stability
and handling requirements. Unap-
proved wheel/tire size combinations
can negatively affect your vehicle's
stability and handling.
•
Any damage caused by installation of
unapproved wheel/tire size combina-
tions will not be covered by your new
vehicle warranty. Volvo assumes no
responsibility for death, injury, or
expenses that may result from such
installations.
Related information
•
Tire inflation – pressure table (p. 300)
•
•
•
Changing a wheel – direction of rotation
•
Tires – tread wear indicator (p. 290)
1
Option or accessory on some models
09 Wheels and tires
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290
Tires – tread wear indicator
The tires have wear indicator strips running
across or parallel to the tread.
G021829
The letters TWI are printed on the side of the
tire. When approximately 1/16" (1.6 mm) is
left on the tread, these strips become visible
and indicate that the tire should be replaced.
Tires with less than 1/16" (1.6 mm) tread offer
very poor traction.
When replacing worn tires, it is recommended
that the tire be identical in type (radial) and
size as the one being replaced. Using a tire of
the same make (manufacturer) will prevent
alteration of the driving characteristics of the
vehicle.
Related information
•
Tire inflation – pressure table (p. 300)
•
•
Changing a wheel – direction of rotation
•
Tires – storage and age (p. 289)
Tires – tire economy
A smooth driving style and correct inflation
pressure can help prolong the tires' service
life.
•
Maintain correct tire pressure. The tire
inflation table, see Tire inflation – pressure
•
Avoid fast starts, hard braking and tire
screeching.
•
Tire wear increases with speed.
•
Correct front wheel alignment is very
important.
•
Unbalanced wheels impair tire economy
and driving comfort.
•
Tires must maintain the same direction of
rotation throughout their lifetime.
•
When replacing tires, the tires with the
most tread should be mounted on the
rear wheels to reduce the chance of over-
steer during hard braking.
•
Hitting curbs or potholes can damage the
tires and/or wheels permanently.
09 Wheels and tires
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*
Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
291
Changing a wheel – direction of
rotation
Incorrectly mounted tires impair the car's
braking properties and ability to force aside
rain, snow and slush.
Summer and winter tires
G021778
The arrows shows the direction of rotation of the
tire
•
The tires with the most tread should
always be on the rear axle (to help reduce
the risk of skidding).
•
When switching between summer and
winter tires, mark the tires to indicate
where they were mounted on the car,
e.g., LF = left front, RR = right rear
•
Tires with tread designed to roll in only
one direction are marked with an arrow
on the sidewall.
•
Contact a Volvo workshop if you are
unsure about the tread depth.
Related information
•
Tire inflation – pressure table (p. 300)
•
•
Tires – storage and age (p. 289)
•
Tires – tread wear indicator (p. 290)
Changing a wheel – removing wheel
Wheel changes should always be carried out
correctly.
G017464
Location of jack and tools
Changing a wheel
1. Apply the parking brake and put the gear
selector in P.
2. Take out the jack*, lug wrench*, the tool
for removing the plastic covers on the
wheel nuts, the towing eyelet and the
wheel cover removal tool (certain models
only) stowed under the floor of the cargo
area.
||
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292
3.
Tool for removing the plastic covers on the wheel
nuts
Remove the wheel cover (where applica-
ble) using the removal tool or remove the
wheel cover by hand.
4. Block the wheels that are on the ground
with wooden blocks or large stones.
Lug wrench and towing eyelet
5. Screw the towing eyelet into the lug
wrench as shown in the illustration.
The towing eyelet must be screwed into
the lug wrench as far as possible.
6. With the vehicle still on the ground,
remove the plastic covers on the wheel
nuts with the tool provided and use the
lug wrench/towing eyelet to loosen the
wheel nuts ½ – 1 turn by exerting down-
ward (counterclockwise) pressure.
Jack attachment points
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293
7. There are two jack attachment points on
each side of the vehicle. Position the jack
under the attachment point to be used on
a level, firm, non-slippery surface and
crank it up until it is correctly aligned and
seated in the attachment point. Before
raising the vehicle, check that the jack is
still correctly positioned in the attach-
ment.
8. Raise the vehicle until the wheel to be
changed is lifted off the ground.
9. Unscrew the wheel nuts completely and
remove the wheel.
WARNING
•
The jack must correctly engage the
jack attachment.
•
Be sure the jack is on a firm, level,
non-slippery surface.
•
Never allow any part of your body to
be extended under a vehicle suppor-
ted by a jack.
•
Use the jack intended for the vehicle
when changing a tire. For any other
job, use stands to support the vehicle.
•
Apply the parking brake and put the
gear selector in the Park (P) position.
•
Block the wheels standing on the
ground, use rigid wooden blocks or
large stones.
•
The jack should be kept well-greased
and clean, and should not be dam-
aged.
•
No objects should be placed between
the base of jack and the ground, or
between the jack and the attachment
bar on the vehicle.
The jack provided with your vehicle is
intended to be used only in temporary sit-
uations such as changing wheels in the
event of a flat tire. Only the jack that came
with your particular model should be used
to lift the vehicle. If the vehicle needs to be
lifted more frequently or for a prolonged
period, using a garage jack or hoist is rec-
ommended. Always follow this device’s
instructions for use.
Related information
•
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294
Changing a wheel – spare wheel
Wheel changes should always be carried out
correctly.
Spare tire
The spare tire in your vehicle
2
is called a
"Temporary Spare".
Recommended tire pressure (see the placard
on the B-pillar or on the fuel filler door) should
be maintained irrespective of which position
on the vehicle the temporary spare tire is
used on.
In the event of damage to this tire, a new one
can be purchased from your Volvo retailer.
WARNING
Current legislation prohibits the use of the
"Temporary Spare" tire other than as a
temporary replacement for a punctured
tire. It must be replaced as soon as possi-
ble by a standard tire. Road holding and
handling may be affected with the "Tem-
porary Spare" in use. Do not exceed
50 mph (80 km/h).
The vehicle must not be driven with wheels
of different dimensions or with a spare tire
other than the one that came with the vehi-
cle. The use of different size wheels can
seriously damage your car's transmission.
Spare wheel
The spare wheel is only intended for tempo-
rary use. Replace it with a normal wheel as
soon as possible. The car's handling may be
altered by the use of the spare wheel. The
correct tire pressure for the spare wheel is
stated in the tire pressure table, see Tire infla-
tion – pressure table (p. 300) and in the tire
inflation placard on the driver's side door
jamb at the rear of the driver's door opening.
WARNING
Current legislation prohibits the use of the
“Temporary Spare” tire other than as a
temporary replacement for a punctured
tire. It must be replaced as soon as possi-
ble by a standard tire. Road holding and
handling may be affected with the “Tem-
porary Spare” in use.
The vehicle must never be driven with
more than one temporary spare wheel.
The spare wheel is located in the spare wheel
well with the rim side down. There are two
foam blocks, one under the spare wheel and
one over/inside. The upper one contains all
tools.
The same bolt runs through to secure the
spare wheel and the foam blocks.
Related information
•
Changing a wheel – installing a wheel
•
Changing a wheel – removing wheel
2
Not on models equipped with the Tire sealing system.
09 Wheels and tires
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Changing a wheel – accessing the
spare wheel
The following procedure explains how to
access the spare wheel (where applicable).
1. Open the floor hatch.
2. Undo the retaining bolt.
3. Lift out the foam block.
4. Lift out the spare wheel.
The other two blocks can remain in the spare
wheel well.
After use
The foam block and spare wheel must be
replaced in the reverse order. Note the arrow
on the upper foam block. It should point for-
ward.
If the floor hatch is not completely closed,
the private locking feature will not function.
Changing a wheel – installing a wheel
It is important to re-install wheels properly.
Re-installing the wheel
1. Clean the contact surfaces on the wheel
and hub.
2. Lift the wheel and place it on the hub.
Tighten the wheel nuts
3. Install the wheel nuts and tighten hand-
tight. Using the lug wrench, tighten cross-
wise until all nuts are snug.
4. Lower the vehicle to the ground and alter-
nately tighten the bolts crosswise to
103 ft. lbs. (140 Nm).
5. Press the plastic covers onto the wheel
nuts and Install the wheel cover (where
applicable). The opening in the wheel
cover for the tire's inflation valve must be
positioned over the valve.
Related information
•
Changing a wheel – spare wheel (p. 294)
•
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296
Tire inflation – general information
Check tire inflation pressure regularly.
Inflation placard
G032521
Tire inflation placard
Tire inflation
See the tire inflation table in Tire inflation –
pressure table (p. 300). A tire inflation pres-
sure placard is also located on the driver's
side B-pillar (the structural member at the
side of the vehicle, at the rear of the driver's
door opening). This placard indicates the des-
ignation of the factory-mounted tires on your
vehicle, as well as load limits and inflation
pressure.
•
The placards shown indicate inflation
pressure for the tires installed on the
vehicle at the factory only.
•
A certain amount of air seepage from
the tires occurs naturally and tire pres-
sure fluctuates with seasonal changes
in temperature. Always check tire
pressure regularly.
•
Use a tire gauge to check the tire inflation
pressure, including the spare, at least
once a month and before long trips. You
are strongly urged to buy a reliable tire
pressure gauge, as automatic service sta-
tion gauges may be inaccurate.
•
Use the recommended cold inflation
pressure for optimum tire performance
and wear.
•
Under-inflation or over-inflation may
cause uneven treadwear patterns.
WARNING
•
Under-inflation is the most common
cause of tire failure and may result in
severe tire cracking, tread separation,
or "blow-out," with unexpected loss of
vehicle control and increased risk of
injury.
•
Under-inflated tires reduce the load
carrying capacity of your vehicle.
When weather temperature changes occur,
tire inflation pressures also change. A 10-
degree temperature drop causes a corres-
ponding drop of 1 psi (7 kPa) in inflation pres-
sure. Check your tire pressures frequently
and adjust them to the proper pressure,
which can be found on the vehicle's tire infor-
mation placard or certification label.
Related information
•
•
Tires – storage and age (p. 289)
•
Tires – tread wear indicator (p. 290)
•
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Tire inflation – checking pressure
Inflation pressure should be checked when
the tires are cold.
Cold tires
The tires are considered to be cold when
they have the same temperature as the
surrounding (ambient) air.
This temperature is normally reached after the
vehicle has been parked for at least 3 hours.
After driving a distance of approximately
1 mile (1.6 km), the tires are considered to be
hot. If you have to drive farther than this dis-
tance to pump your tire(s), check and record
the tire pressure first and add the appropriate
air pressure when you get to the pump.
If checking tire pressure when the tire is hot,
never "bleed" or reduce air pressure. The
tires are hot from driving and it is normal for
pressures to increase above recommended
cold pressures. A hot tire at or below recom-
mended cold inflation pressure could be sig-
nificantly under-inflated.
To check inflation pressure:
1. Remove the cap from the valve on one
tire, then firmly press the tire gauge onto
the valve.
2. Add air to reach the recommended air
pressure.
3. Replace the valve cap.
•
After inflating the tires, always reinstall
the valve cap to help avoid damage to
the valve from dirt, gravel, etc.
•
Use plastic valve caps only. Metal caps
could corrode and become difficult to
remove.
4. Visually inspect the tires to make sure
there are no nails or other objects
embedded that could puncture the tire
and cause an air leak.
5. Check the sidewalls to make sure there
are no gouges, cuts, bulges or other
irregularities.
6. Repeat this procedure for each tire,
including the spare.
•
If you overfill the tire, release air by
pushing on the metal stem in the cen-
ter of the valve. Then recheck the
pressure with your tire gauge.
•
Some spare tires require higher infla-
tion pressure than the other tires. Con-
sult the tire inflation pressure table,
see Tire inflation – pressure table
(p. 300) or see the inflation pressure
placard.
Related information
•
•
Tire inflation – pressure table (p. 300)
•
Tires – storage and age (p. 289)
•
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Tire specifications
The following information can be found on a
tire's sidewall.
Tire ratings
Speed ratings
The speed ratings in the table translate as fol-
low:
Speed ratings
M
81 mph (130 km/h)
Q
100 mph (160 km/h)
T
118 mph (190 km/h)
H
130 mph (210 km/h)
V
149 mph (240 km/h)
W
168 mph (270 km/h)
Y
186 mph (300 km/h)
Information on the sidewall
Federal law mandates that tire manufacturers
place standardized information on the side-
wall of all tires (see the illustration).
The following information is listed on the tire
sidewall:
The tire designation:
Please be aware that the following tire
designation is an example only and that
this particular tire may not be available on
your vehicle.
1. 215: the width of the tire (in millimeters)
from sidewall edge to sidewall edge. The
larger the number, the wider the tire.
2. 65: The ratio of the tire's height to its
width in percent.
3. R: Radial tire (the designation RF and the
symbol indicate that the vehicle is
equipped with optional self-supporting
run flat tires
3
.
4. 15: The diameter of the wheel rim (in
inches).
5. 95: The tire's load index. In this example,
a load index of 95 equals a maximum
load of 1521 lbs (690 kg).
6. H: The tire's speed rating, or the maxi-
mum speed at which the tire is designed
to be driven for extended periods of time,
carrying a permissible load for the vehi-
cle, and with correct inflation pressure.
For example, H indicates a speed rating
of 130 mph (210 km/h).
The tire's load index and speed rating may
not appear on the sidewall because they
are not required by law.
3
Self-supporting run flat tires may not be available on all models
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299
7. M+S or M/S = Mud and Snow, AT = All
Terrain, AS = All Season
8. U.S. DOT Tire Identification Number
(TIN): This begins with the letters "DOT"
and indicates that the tire meets all fed-
eral standards. The next two numbers or
letters are the plant code where it was
manufactured, the next two are the tire
size code and the last four numbers rep-
resent the week and year the tire was
built. For example, 1510 means that the
tire was manufactured during week 15 of
2010. The numbers in between are mar-
keting codes used at the manufacturer's
discretion. This information helps a tire
manufacturer identify a tire for safety
recall purposes.
9. Tire Ply Composition and Material
Used: Indicates the number of plies indi-
cates or the number of layers of rubber-
coated fabric in the tire tread and side-
wall. Tire manufacturers also must indi-
cate the ply materials in the tire and the
sidewall, which include steel, nylon, poly-
ester, and others.
10. Maximum Load: Indicates the maximum
load in pounds and kilograms that can be
carried by the tire. Refer to the vehicle's
tire information placard located on the B-
Pillar for the correct tire pressure for your
vehicle.
11. Treadwear, Traction, and Temperature
grades: see Tire specifications – Uniform
Tire Quality Grading (p. 303) for more
information.
12. Maximum permissible inflation
pressure: the greatest amount of air
pressure that should ever be put in the
tire. This limit is set by the tire manufac-
turer.
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300
Tire inflation – pressure table
The following tire pressures are recom-
mended by Volvo for your vehicle. Refer to
the tire inflation placard (see Tire inflation –
general information (p. 296) for its location) for
information specific to the tires installed on
your vehicle at the factory.
Some of the tire sizes listed here may not
be available for all models in all markets.
Tire size
Cold tire pressure for up to five persons
Front
psi (kPa)
Rear
psi (kPa)
215/65 R16 Extra load
235/55 R17
235/50 R18
36 (250)
36 (250)
235/45 R19 Extra load
39 (270)
39 (270)
Temporary spare tire
T125/80R17
61 (420)
61 (420)
Please consult a Volvo retailer’s Parts
department for the most up-to-date speci-
fications.
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301
Loading specifications
Properly loading your vehicle will provide
maximum return of vehicle design perform-
ance.
Before loading your vehicle, familiarize your-
self with the following terms for determining
your vehicle's weight ratings, with or without
a trailer, from the vehicle's Federal/Canadian
Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS/
CMVSS) label, and the vehicle's tire informa-
tion placard:
Curb weight
The weight of the vehicle including a full tank
of fuel and all standard equipment. It does
not include passengers, cargo, or optional
equipment.
Capacity weight
All weight added to the curb weight, including
cargo and optional equipment. When towing,
trailer hitch tongue load is also part of cargo
weight.
Permissible axle weight
The maximum allowable weight that can be
carried by a single axle (front or rear). These
numbers are shown on the Federal/Canadian
Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS/
CMVSS) label. The total load on each axle
must never exceed its maximum permissible
weight.
Gross vehicle weight (GVW)
The vehicle's curb weight + cargo + passen-
gers.
•
The location of the various labels in
your vehicle, see Label information
•
A table listing important weight limits
for your vehicle, see Weights (p. 372).
Loading specifications – load limit
The load limit of your vehicle is the combined
weight of the occupants and cargo.
Steps for Determining Correct Load
Limit
1. Locate the statement "the combined
weight of occupants and cargo should
never exceed XXX pounds" on your vehi-
cle's placard.
2. Determine the combined weight of the
driver and passengers that will be riding
in your vehicle.
3. Subtract the combined weight of the
driver and passengers from XXX kilo-
grams or XXX pounds.
4. The resulting figure equals the available
amount of cargo and luggage load
capacity. For example, if the "XXX"
amount equals 1400 lbs. and there will be
five 150 lb. passengers in your vehicle,
the amount of available cargo and lug-
gage load capacity is 650 lbs. (1400 –
750 (5 × 150) = 650 lbs.)
5. Determine the combined weight of lug-
gage and cargo being loaded on the vehi-
cle. That weight may not safely exceed
the available cargo and luggage load
capacity calculated in Step 4.
09 Wheels and tires
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302
6. If your vehicle will be towing a trailer, load
from your trailer will be transferred to your
vehicle.
WARNING
•
Exceeding the permissible axle weight,
gross vehicle weight, or any other
weight rating limits can cause tire
overheating resulting in permanent
deformation or catastrophic failure.
•
Do not use replacement tires with
lower load carrying capacities than the
tires that were original equipment on
the vehicle because this will lower the
vehicle's GVW rating. Use only tires
with the correct load carrying capacity.
Consult your Volvo retailer for informa-
tion.
Tire specifications – terminology
The following is a glossary of tire-related
terms.
The tire suppliers may have additional mark-
ings, notes or warnings such as standard
load, radial tubeless, etc.
•
Tire information placard: A placard
showing the OE (Original Equipment) tire
sizes, recommended inflation pressure,
and the maximum weight the vehicle can
carry.
•
Tire Identification Number (TIN): A
number on the sidewall of each tire pro-
viding information about the tire brand
and manufacturing plant, tire size and
date of manufacturer.
•
Inflation pressure: A measure of the
amount of air in a tire.
•
Standard load: A class of P-metric or
Metric tires designed to carry a maximum
load at 35 psi [37 psi (2.5 bar) for Metric
tires]. Increasing the inflation pressure
beyond this pressure will not increase the
tires load carrying capability.
•
Extra load: A class of P-metric or Metric
tires designed to carry a heavier maxi-
mum load at 41 psi [43 psi (2.9 bar) for
Metric tires]. Increasing the inflation pres-
sure beyond this pressure will not
increase the tire's load carrying capabil-
ity.
•
kPa: Kilopascal, a metric unit of air pres-
sure.
•
PSI: Pounds per square inch, a standard
unit of air pressure.
•
B-pillar: The structural member at the
side of the vehicle behind the front door.
•
Bead area of the tire: Area of the tire
next to the rim.
•
Sidewall of the tire: Area between the
bead area and the tread.
•
Tread area of the tire: Area of the perim-
eter of the tire that contacts the road
when mounted on the vehicle.
•
Rim: The metal support (wheel) for a tire
or a tire and tube assembly upon which
the tire beads are seated.
•
Maximum load rating: a figure indicating
the maximum load in pounds and kilo-
grams that can be carried by the tire. This
rating is established by the tire manufac-
turer.
•
Maximum permissible inflation
pressure: the greatest amount of air
pressure that should ever be put in the
tire. This limit is set by the tire manufac-
turer.
•
Recommended tire inflation pressure:
inflation pressure, established by Volvo,
which is based on the type of tires that
are mounted on a vehicle at the factory.
This information can be found on the tire
inflation placard(s) located on the driver's
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303
side B-pillar and in the tire inflation table
in this chapter.
•
Cold tires: The tires are considered to be
cold when they have the same tempera-
ture as the surrounding (ambient) air. This
temperature is normally reached after the
vehicle has been parked for at least
3 hours.
Tire specifications – Uniform Tire
Quality Grading
ALL PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRES MUST
CONFORM TO FEDERAL SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS IN ADDITION TO THESE
GRADES.
Quality grades can be found, where appli-
cable, on the tire sidewall between the
tread shoulder and maximum section
width. For example:
Treadwear 200 Traction AA Temperature A
TREADWEAR
The treadwear grade is a comparative rating
based on the wear rate of the tire when tes-
ted under controlled conditions on a specified
government test course. For example, a tire
graded 150 would wear one and one half
(1 ½) times as well on the government course
as a tire graded 100. The relative perform-
ance of tires depends upon the actual condi-
tions of their use, however, and many depart
significantly from the norm due to variation in
driving habits, maintenance practices and dif-
ferences in road characteristics and climate.
TRACTION
The traction grades, from highest to lowest,
are AA, A, B, and C, as measured under con-
trolled conditions on specified government
test surfaces of asphalt and concrete. A tire
marked C may have poor traction perform-
ance. The traction grade assigned to this tire
is based on braking (straight-ahead) traction
tests and is not a measure of cornering (turn-
ing) traction.
WARNING
The traction grade assigned to this tire is
based on braking (straight-ahead) traction
tests and is not a measure of cornering
(turning) traction.
TEMPERATURE
The temperature grades are A (the highest),
B, and C, representing the tire's resistance to
the generation of heat and its ability to dissi-
pate heat when tested under controlled con-
ditions on a specified indoor laboratory test
wheel. Sustained high temperature can cause
the material of the tire to degenerate and
reduce tire life, and excessive temperature
can lead to sudden tire failure. The grade C
corresponds to a minimum level of perform-
ance that all passenger vehicle tires must
meet under the Federal Motor Safety Stand-
ard No. 109. Grades B and A represent higher
levels of performance on the laboratory test
wheel than the minimum required by law.
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