Almera Tino V10 (2003 year). Manual — part 215

Incident Simulation Tests

NLGI0005S02

INTRODUCTION

NLGI0005S0201

Sometimes the symptom is not present when the vehicle is brought
in for service. If possible, re-create the conditions present at the
time of the incident. Doing so may help avoid a No Trouble Found
Diagnoses. The following section illustrates ways to simulate the
conditions/environment under which the owner experiences an
electrical incident.
The section is broken into the six following topics:

I

Vehicle vibration

I

Heat sensitive

I

Freezing

I

Water intrusion

I

Electrical load

I

Cold or hot start up

Get a thorough description of the incident from the customer. It is
important for simulating the conditions of the problem.

VEHICLE VIBRATION

NLGI0005S0202

The incident may occur or become worse while driving on a rough
road or when engine is vibrating (idle with A/C on). In such a case,
you will want to check for a vibration related condition. Refer to the
illustration below.
Connectors & Harness
Determine which connectors and wiring harness would affect the
electrical system you are inspecting. Gently shake each connec-
tor and harness while monitoring the system for the incident you
are trying to duplicate. This test may indicate a loose or poor elec-
trical connection.
Hint
Connectors can be exposed to moisture. It is possible to get a thin
film of corrosion on the connector terminals. A visual inspection
may not reveal this without disconnecting the connector. If the
incident occurs intermittently, perhaps the incident is caused by
corrosion. It is a good idea to disconnect, inspect and clean the
terminals on related connectors in the system.
Sensors & Relays
Gently apply a slight vibration to sensors and relays in the system
you are inspecting.
This test may indicate a loose or poorly mounted sensor or relay.

SGI839

HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Incident Simulation Tests

GI-22

Engine Compartment
There are several reasons a vehicle or engine vibration could
cause an electrical complaint. Some of the things to check for are:

I

Connectors not fully seated.

I

Wiring harness not long enough and is being stressed due to
engine vibrations or rocking.

I

Wires laying across brackets or moving components.

I

Loose, dirty or corroded ground wires.

I

Wires routed too close to hot components.

To inspect components under the hood, start by verifying the integ-
rity of ground connections. (Refer to GROUND INSPECTION
described later.) First make sure that the system is properly
grounded. Then check for loose connection by gently shaking the
wiring or components as previously explained. Using the wiring
diagrams inspect the wiring for continuity.
Behind The Instrument Panel
An improperly routed or improperly clamped harness can become
pinched during accessory installation. Vehicle vibration can aggra-
vate a harness which is routed along a bracket or near a screw.
Under Seating Areas
An unclamped or loose harness can cause wiring to be pinched by
seat components (such as slide guides) during vehicle vibration. If
the wiring runs under seating areas, inspect wire routing for pos-
sible damage or pinching.

SGI842

HEAT SENSITIVE

NLGI0005S0203

The owner’s incident may occur during hot weather or after car has
sat for a short time. In such cases you will want to check for a heat
sensitive condition.
To determine if an electrical component is heat sensitive, heat the
component with a heat gun or equivalent.
Do not heat components above 60°C (140°F). If incident occurs
while heating the unit, either replace or properly insulate the com-
ponent.

SGI843

FREEZING

NLGI0005S0204

The customer may indicate the incident goes away after the car
warms up (winter time). The cause could be related to water freez-
ing somewhere in the wiring/electrical system.
There are two methods to check for this. The first is to arrange for
the owner to leave his car overnight. Make sure it will get cold
enough to demonstrate his complaint. Leave the car parked out-
side overnight. In the morning, do a quick and thorough diagnoses
of those electrical components which could be affected.

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HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Incident Simulation Tests (Cont’d)

GI-23

The second method is to put the suspect component into a freezer
long enough for any water to freeze. Reinstall the part into the car
and check for the reoccurrence of the incident. If it occurs, repair
or replace the component.

SGI844

WATER INTRUSION

NLGI0005S0205

The incident may occur only during high humidity or in rainy/snowy
weather. In such cases the incident could be caused by water
intrusion on an electrical part. This can be simulated by soaking the
car or running it through a car wash.
Do not spray water directly on any electrical components.

SGI845

ELECTRICAL LOAD

NLGI0005S0206

The incident may be electrical load sensitive. Perform diagnoses
with all accessories (including A/C, rear window defogger, radio,
fog lamps) turned on.

COLD OR HOT START UP

NLGI0005S0207

On some occasions an electrical incident may occur only when the
car is started cold. Or it may occur when the car is restarted hot
shortly after being turned off. In these cases you may have to keep
the car overnight to make a proper diagnoses.

Circuit Inspection

NLGI0005S03

INTRODUCTION

NLGI0005S0301

In general, testing electrical circuits is an easy task if it is
approached in a logical and organized method. Before beginning
it is important to have all available information on the system to be
tested. Also, get a thorough understanding of system operation.
Then you will be able to use the appropriate equipment and follow
the correct test procedure.
You may have to simulate vehicle vibrations while testing electrical
components. Gently shake the wiring harness or electrical com-
ponent to do this.

OPEN

A circuit is open when there is no continuity through a section of
the circuit.

SHORT

There are two types of shorts.

I

SHORT CIRCUIT

When a circuit contacts another circuit
and causes the normal resistance to
change.

I

SHORT TO GROUND

When a circuit contacts a ground source
and grounds the circuit.

HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Incident Simulation Tests (Cont’d)

GI-24

TESTING FOR “OPENS” IN THE CIRCUIT

NLGI0005S0302

Before you begin to diagnose and test the system, you should
rough sketch a schematic of the system. This will help you to logi-
cally walk through the diagnoses process. Drawing the sketch will
also reinforce your working knowledge of the system.

SGI846

Continuity Check Method
The continuity check is used to find an open in the circuit. The
Digital Multimeter (DMM) set on the resistance function will indicate
an open circuit as over limit (no beep tone or no ohms symbol).
Make sure to always start with the DMM at the highest resistance
level.
To help in understanding the diagnoses of open circuits please
refer to the schematic above.
1)

Disconnect the battery negative cable.

2)

Start at one end of the circuit and work your way to the other
end. (At the fuse block in this example)

3)

Connect one probe of the DMM to the fuse block terminal on
the load side.

4)

Connect the other probe to the fuse block (power) side of SW1.
Little or no resistance will indicate that portion of the circuit has
good continuity. If there were an open in the circuit, the DMM
would indicate an over limit or infinite resistance condition.
(point A)

5)

Connect the probes between SW1 and the relay. Little or no
resistance will indicate that portion of the circuit has good con-
tinuity. If there were an open in the circuit, the DMM would
indicate an over limit or infinite resistance condition. (point B)

6)

Connect the probes between the relay and the solenoid. Little
or no resistance will indicate that portion of the circuit has good
continuity. If there were an open in the circuit, the DMM would
indicate an over limit or infinite resistance condition. (point C)

Any circuit can be diagnosed using the approach in the above
example.
Voltage Check Method
To help in understanding the diagnoses of open circuits please
refer to the previous schematic.
In any powered circuit, an open can be found by methodically
checking the system for the presence of voltage. This is done by
switching the DMM to the voltage function.
1)

Connect one probe of the DMM to a known good ground.

2)

Begin probing at one end of the circuit and work your way to
the other end.

3)

With SW1 open, probe at SW1 to check for voltage.
voltage; open is further down the circuit than SW1.
no voltage; open is between fuse block and SW1 (point A).

4)

Close SW1 and probe at relay.

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HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Circuit Inspection (Cont’d)

GI-25

voltage; open is further down the circuit than the relay.
no voltage; open is between SW1 and relay (point B).

5)

Close the relay and probe at the solenoid.
voltage; open is further down the circuit than the solenoid.
no voltage; open is between relay and solenoid (point C).

Any powered circuit can be diagnosed using the approach in the
above example.

TESTING FOR “SHORTS” IN THE CIRCUIT

NLGI0005S0303

To simplify the discussion of shorts in the system please refer to
the schematic below.

SGI847

Resistance Check Method
1)

Disconnect the battery negative cable and remove the blown
fuse.

2)

Disconnect all loads (SW1 open, relay disconnected and sole-
noid disconnected) powered through the fuse.

3)

Connect one probe of the ohmmeter to the load side of the fuse
terminal. Connect the other probe to a known good ground.

4)

With SW1 open, check for continuity.
continuity; short is between fuse terminal and SW1 (point A).
no continuity; short is further down the circuit than SW1.

5)

Close SW1 and disconnect the relay. Put probes at the load
side of fuse terminal and a known good ground. Then, check
for continuity.
continuity; short is between SW1 and the relay (point B).
no continuity; short is further down the circuit than the relay.

6)

Close SW1 and jump the relay contacts with jumper wire. Put
probes at the load side of fuse terminal and a known good
ground. Then, check for continuity.
continuity; short is between relay and solenoid (point C).
no continuity; check solenoid, retrace steps.

Voltage Check Method
1)

Remove the blown fuse and disconnect all loads (i.e. SW1
open, relay disconnected and solenoid disconnected) powered
through the fuse.

2)

Turn the ignition key to the ON or START position. Verify bat-
tery voltage at the B + side of the fuse terminal (one lead on
the B + terminal side of the fuse block and one lead on a known
good ground).

3)

With SW1 open and the DMM leads across both fuse
terminals, check for voltage.
voltage; short is between fuse block and SW1 (point A).
no voltage; short is further down the circuit than SW1.

4)

With SW1 closed, relay and solenoid disconnected and the
DMM leads across both fuse terminals, check for voltage.
voltage; short is between SW1 and the relay (point B).

HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Circuit Inspection (Cont’d)

GI-26

no voltage; short is further down the circuit than the relay.

5)

With SW1 closed, relay contacts jumped with fused jumper
wire check for voltage.
voltage; short is down the circuit of the relay or between the
relay and the disconnected solenoid (point C).
no voltage; retrace steps and check power to fuse block.

GROUND INSPECTION

NLGI0005S0304

Ground connections are very important to the proper operation of
electrical and electronic circuits. Ground connections are often
exposed to moisture, dirt and other corrosive elements. The corro-
sion (rust) can become an unwanted resistance. This unwanted
resistance can change the way a circuit works.
Electronically controlled circuits are very sensitive to proper
grounding. A loose or corroded ground can drastically affect an
electronically controlled circuit. A poor or corroded ground can eas-
ily affect the circuit. Even when the ground connection looks clean,
there can be a thin film of rust on the surface.
When inspecting a ground connection follow these rules:
1)

Remove the ground bolt or screw.

2)

Inspect all mating surfaces for tarnish, dirt, rust, etc.

3)

Clean as required to assure good contact.

4)

Reinstall bolt or screw securely.

5)

Inspect for “add-on” accessories which may be interfering with
the ground circuit.

6)

If several wires are crimped into one ground eyelet terminal,
check for proper crimps. Make sure all of the wires are clean,
securely fastened and providing a good ground path. If multiple
wires are cased in one eyelet make sure no ground wires have
excess wire insulation.

SGI853

VOLTAGE DROP TESTS

NLGI0005S0305

Voltage drop tests are often used to find components or circuits
which have excessive resistance. A voltage drop in a circuit is
caused by a resistance when the circuit is in operation.
Check the wire in the illustration. When measuring resistance with
ohmmeter, contact by a single strand of wire will give reading of 0
ohms. This would indicate a good circuit. When the circuit operates,
this single strand of wire is not able to carry the current. The single

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HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Circuit Inspection (Cont’d)

GI-27

strand will have a high resistance to the current. This will be picked
up as a slight voltage drop.
Unwanted resistance can be caused by many situations as follows:

I

Undersized wiring (single strand example)

I

Corrosion on switch contacts

I

Loose wire connections or splices.

If repairs are needed always use wire that is of the same or larger
gauge.
Measuring Voltage Drop — Accumulated Method
1)

Connect the voltmeter across the connector or part of the cir-
cuit you want to check. The positive lead of the voltmeter
should be closer to power and the negative lead closer to
ground.

2)

Operate the circuit.

3)

The voltmeter will indicate how many volts are being used to
“push” current through that part of the circuit.

Note in the illustration that there is an excessive 4.1 volt drop
between the battery and the bulb.

SGI974

Measuring Voltage Drop — Step by Step
The step by step method is most useful for isolating excessive
drops in low voltage systems (such as those in “Computer Con-
trolled Systems”).
Circuits in the “Computer Controlled System” operate on very low
amperage.
The (Computer Controlled) system operations can be adversely
affected by any variation in resistance in the system. Such resis-
tance variation may be caused by poor connection, improper
installation, improper wire gauge or corrosion.
The step by step voltage drop test can identify a component or wire
with too much resistance.

HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Circuit Inspection (Cont’d)

GI-28

SGI854

CONTROL UNIT CIRCUIT TEST

NLGI0005S0306

System Description: When the switch is ON, the control unit lights
up the lamp.

MGI034A

Input-output voltage chart

Pin No.

Item

Condition

Voltage
value V

In case of high resistance such as single strand V *

1

Switch

Switch ON

Battery voltage

Lower than battery voltage Approx. 8 (Example)

Switch OFF

Approx. 0

Approx. 0

2

Lamp

Switch ON

Battery voltage

Approx. 0 (Inoperative lamp)

Switch OFF

Approx. 0

Approx. 0

The voltage value is based on the body ground.
* : If high resistance exists in the switch side circuit (caused by a single strand), terminal 1 does not detect battery voltage. Control unit
does not detect the switch is ON even if the switch does not turn ON. Therefore, the control unit does not supply power to light up the
lamp.

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HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Circuit Inspection (Cont’d)

GI-29

MGI035A

Input-output voltage chart

Pin No.

Item

Condition

Voltage
value V

In case of high resistance such as single strand V *

1

Lamp

Switch ON

Approx. 0

Battery voltage (Inoperative lamp)

Switch OFF

Battery voltage

Battery voltage

2

Switch

Switch ON

Approx. 0

Higher than 0 Approx. 4 (Example)

Switch OFF

Approx. 5

Approx. 5

The voltage value is based on the body ground.
* : If high resistance exists in the switch side circuit (caused by a single strand), terminal 2 does not detect approx. 0V. Control unit
does not detect the switch is ON even if the switch turns ON. Therefore, the control unit does not control ground to light up the lamp.

HOW TO PERFORM EFFICIENT DIAGNOSES FOR AN ELECTRICAL INCIDENT

Circuit Inspection (Cont’d)

GI-30

NLGI0006

NOTICE:
Trouble diagnoses indicate work procedures required to diagnose
incidents effectively. Observe the following instructions before diag-
nosing.
1)

Before performing trouble diagnoses, read the “Prelimi-
nary Check”, the “Symptom Chart” or the “Work Flow”.

2)

After repairs, re-check that the problem has been com-
pletely eliminated.

3)

Refer to Component Parts and Harness Connector Loca-
tion for the Systems described in each section for
identification/location of components and harness con-
nectors.

4)

Refer to the Circuit Diagram for quick pinpoint check.
If you need to check circuit continuity between harness
connectors in more detail, such as when a sub-harness is
used, refer to Wiring Diagram in each individual section
and Harness Layout in EL section for identification of har-
ness connectors.

5)

When checking circuit continuity, ignition switch should
be OFF.

6)

Before checking voltage at connectors, check battery volt-
age.

7)

After accomplishing the Diagnostic Procedures and Elec-
trical Components Inspection, make sure that all harness
connectors are reconnected as they were.

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HOW TO FOLLOW TROUBLE DIAGNOSES

GI-31

How to Follow Test Groups in Trouble
Diagnoses

NLGI0006S01

SGI975

1)

Work and diagnostic procedure
Start to diagnose a problem using procedures indicated in
enclosed test groups.

2)

Questions and required results
Questions and required results are indicated in bold type in test
group.
The meaning of are as follows:

a. Battery voltage

→

11 - 14V or approximately 12V

b. Voltage: Approximately 0V

→

Less than 1V

3)

Symbol used in illustration
Symbols included in illustrations refer to measurements or pro-
cedures. Before diagnosing a problem, familiarize yourself with
each symbol. Refer to “CONNECTOR SYMBOLS” (GI-15) and
“Key to Symbols Signifying Measurements or Procedures” (GI-
33).

4)

Action items
Next action for each test group is indicated based on result of
each question. Test group number is shown in the left upper
portion of each test group.

HOW TO FOLLOW TROUBLE DIAGNOSES

How to Follow Test Groups in Trouble Diagnoses

GI-32

Key to Symbols Signifying Measurements or
Procedures

NLGI0006S02

Symbol

Symbol explanation

Symbol

Symbol explanation

Check after disconnecting the con-
nector to be measured.

Procedure with Generic Scan Tool
(GST, OBD-II scan tool)

Check after connecting the connec-
tor to be measured.

Procedure without CONSULT-II or
GST

Insert key into ignition switch.

A/C switch is “OFF”.

Remove key from ignition switch.

A/C switch is “ON”.

Turn ignition switch to “OFF” posi-
tion.

REC switch is “ON”.

Turn ignition switch to “ON” position.

REC switch is “OFF”.

Turn ignition switch to “START” posi-
tion.

Fan switch is “ON”. (At any position
except for “OFF” position)

Turn ignition switch from “OFF” to
“ACC” position.

Fan switch is “OFF”.

Turn ignition switch from “ACC” to
“OFF” position.

Apply positive voltage from battery
with fuse directly to components.

Turn ignition switch from “OFF” to
“ON” position.

Drive vehicle.

Turn ignition switch from “ON” to
“OFF” position.

Disconnect battery negative cable.

Do not start engine, or check with
engine stopped.

Depress brake pedal.

Start engine, or check with engine
running.

Release brake pedal.

Apply parking brake.

Depress accelerator pedal.

Release parking brake.

Release accelerator pedal.

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HOW TO FOLLOW TROUBLE DIAGNOSES

Key to Symbols Signifying Measurements or Procedures

GI-33

Symbol

Symbol explanation

Symbol

Symbol explanation

Check after engine is warmed up
sufficiently.

Pin terminal check for SMJ type
ECM and TCM connectors.
For details regarding the terminal
arrangement, refer to the “ELEC-
TRICAL UNITS” electrical refer-
ence page at the end of the
manual.

Voltage should be measured with a
voltmeter.

Circuit resistance should be mea-
sured with an ohmmeter.

Current should be measured with an
ammeter.

Procedure with CONSULT-II

Procedure without CONSULT-II

HOW TO FOLLOW TROUBLE DIAGNOSES

Key to Symbols Signifying Measurements or Procedures (Cont’d)

GI-34

NLGI0007

Function and System Application

NLGI0007S05

Diagnostic

test mode

Function

ENGINE

A/T

ABS

AIR BAG

SMART

ENTRANCE

NATS*

1

Work support

This mode enables a technician to adjust
some devices faster and more accurate
by following the indications on CON-
SULT-II.

x

*3

—

x

*4

—

x

—

Self-diagnos-
tic results

Self-diagnostic results can be read and
erased quickly.

x

x

x

x

x

x

Trouble diag-
nostic record

Current self-diagnostic results and all
trouble diagnostic records previously
stored can be read.

—

—

—

x

—

—

ECU discrimi-
nated No.

Classification number of a replacement
ECU can be read to prevent an incorrect
ECU from being installed.

—

—

—

x

—

—

Data monitor

Input/Output data in the ECU (ECM) can
be read.

x

x

x

—

x

—

DTC work
support

This mode enables a technician to set
operating conditions to confirm self-diag-
noses status/results.

x*

2

x

—

—

—

—

Active test

Diagnostic Test Mode in which CON-
SULT-II drives some actuators apart from
the ECMs and also shifts some param-
eters in a specified range.

x

—

x

—

x

—

ECU (ECM)
part number

ECU (ECM) part number can be read.

x

x

x

—

—

—

Control unit
initialization

All registered ignition key IDs in NATS
components can be initialized and new
IDs can be registered.

—

—

—

—

—

x

PIN INITIAL-
IZATION

Navigation system will be locked when
the vehicle

′

s owner enters the wrong PIN

five consecutive times.
To release the lock, use “PIN INITIAL-
IZATION”.

—

—

—

—

—

—

NAVI ID INI-
TIALIZATION

In normal times regulation codes are
being communicated between Navigation
Control Unit and Dongle Control Unit.
Use “NAVI ID INITIALIZATION” to match
the codes when either one has been
replaced due to breakdown or etc.

—

—

—

—

—

—

x: Applicable
*1: NATS (Nissan Anti-Theft System)
*2: For models with Euro-OBD system
*3: For QG engine models only
*4: For models with ESP only

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CONSULT-II CHECKING SYSTEM

Function and System Application

GI-35

Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Replacement

NLGI0007S06

CONSULT-II contains a nickel metal hydride battery. When replac-
ing the battery obey the following:

WARNING:

Replace the nickel metal hydride battery with Genuine CON-
SULT-II battery only. Use of another battery may present a risk
of fire or explosion. The battery may present a fire or chemi-
cal burn hazard if mistreated. Do not recharge, disassemble or
dispose of in fire.
Keep the battery out of reach of children and discard used
battery conforming to the local regulations.

Checking Equipment

NLGI0007S07

When ordering the below equipment, contact your NISSAN
distributor.

Tool name

Description

NISSAN CONSULT-II

q

1

CONSULT-II unit (Tester internal soft:

Resident version 3.3.0) and accessories

q

2

Program card AED02E and AEN02C

(For NATS)
To confirm the best combination of these
softwares, refer to CONSULT-II Operation
Manual.

q

3

CONSULT-II CONVERTER

SAIA0362E

NOTE:

I

The CONSULT-II must be used in conjunction with a pro-
gram card.
CONSULT-II does not require loading (Initialization) proce-
dure.

I

Be sure the CONSULT-II is turned off before installing or
removing a program card.

CAUTION:

I

If CONSULT-II is used with no connection of CONSULT-II
CONVERTER, malfunctions might be detected in self-di-
agnosis depending on control unit which carry out CAN
communication.

I

If CONVERTER is not connected with CONSULT-II, vehicle
occur the “FAIL-SAFE MODE” which is “LIGHT UP the
HEADLIGHT” and/or “Cooling FAN ROTATING” when
CONSULT-II is started.

CONSULT-II CHECKING SYSTEM

Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Replacement

GI-36

PAIA0070E

CONSULT-II Start Procedure

=NLGI0007S09

1.

Turn ignition switch OFF.

2.

Connect CONSULT-II and CONSULT-II CONVERTER to the
data link connector.

SKIA3098E

3.

Turn ignition switch ON.

4.

Touch “START (NISSAN BASED VECL)” or “System Shortcut”
(eg: Engine) on the screen.

CONSULT-II Data Link Connector (DLC) Circuit

NLGI0007S08

SGI125A

INSPECTION PROCEDURE

NLGI0007S0801

If the CONSULT-II cannot diagnose the system properly, check the
following items.

Symptom

Check item

CONSULT-II cannot access any
system.

I

CONSULT-II DLC power supply circuit (Terminal 8) and ground circuit (Terminal 4)
(For detailed circuit, refer to “MIL & Data Link Connectors Wiring Diagram” in EC section.)

I

CONSULT-II DDL cable and CONSULT-II CONVERTER

CONSULT-II cannot access indi-
vidual system. (Other systems
can be accessed.)

I

CONSULT-II program card (Check the appropriate CONSULT-II program card for the system.
Refer to “Checking Equipment”.)

I

Power supply and ground circuit for the control unit of the system
(For detailed circuit, refer to wiring diagram for each system.)

I

Open or short circuit between the system and CONSULT-II DLC
(For detailed circuit, refer to wiring diagram for each system.)

NOTE:
The DDL1 and DDL2 circuits from DLC pins 12, 13, 14 and 15
may be connected to more than one system. A short in a DDL
circuit connected to a control unit in one system may affect
CONSULT-II access to other systems.

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CONSULT-II CHECKING SYSTEM

CONSULT-II Start Procedure

GI-37