Discovery 2. Manual — part 483

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - V8

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 18-2-11

31

Positive pressure type EVAP system heater
(02MY vehicles only)

Output, drive

Switched earth

32

Diagnostic connector K-line

Bi-directional

Serial 0-12V

33

Immobiliser serial W link

Input, signal

Serial 0-12V

34

Rough road signal

Input, signal

PWM 0-12V

35

Not used

-

-

36

CAN data bus 'high line'

Bi-directional

5-2.5V

37

CAN data bus 'low line'

Bi-directional

0-2.5V

38

ATC stand by

Input, signal

Active low

39

Not used

-

-

40

Not used

-

-

Pin No.

Function

Signal type

Reading

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - V8

18-2-12 DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

Connector 5 (C0638): This connector contains 9 pins and is used to control the ignition system. The ignition coils are
supplied with power and a switching earth completes the circuit.

Pin out details connector C0638

Crankshaft speed and Position (CKP) sensor (C0168)

The CKP sensor is located towards the rear of the engine below cylinder number 7, with its tip adjacent to the outer
circumference of the flywheel. The CKP sensor is the most important sensor on the vehicle and without its signal the
engine will not run. The signal produced by the CKP sensor allows the ECM to determine crankshaft angle and speed
of rotation. The ECM uses this information to calculate ignition timing and fuel injection timing.

The CKP sensor works as a variable reluctance sensor. It uses an electromagnet and a reluctor ring to generate a
signal. As the reluctor ring passes the tip of the CKP sensor the magnetic field produced by the sensor is cut and then
re-instated. The ECM measures the signal as an ac voltage.

The output voltage varies in proportion to engine speed. The reluctor ring has a set tooth pattern, 60 teeth are spaced
at 6

°

intervals and are 3

°

wide, two teeth are removed to provide a reference mark at 60

°

BTDC for number 1 cylinder.

There is no back up strategy or limp home facility if this sensor fails, the engine does not run.

Pin No.

Function

Signal type

Reading

1

Not used

-

-

2

Ignition , Cylinders 2 and 3

Output

Switch to earth

3

Not used

-

-

4

Not used

-

-

5

Ignition coil earth

Earth

0V

6

Ignition , Cylinders 1 and 6

Output

Switch to earth

7

Ignition , Cylinders 4 and 7

Output

Switch to earth

8

Ignition , Cylinders 5 and 8

Output

Switch to earth

9

Not used

-

-

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - V8

DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION 18-2-13

Input/Output
Because of the nature of its operation the CKP sensor does not require any electrical input source. The CKP sensor
is a 3 pin variable reluctance sensor generating its own electrical output. The 2 output sources from the sensor are
earthed via pin 46 of connector C0636 of the ECM and sensor output is via pin 32 of connector C0636 of the ECM.
This output is in the form of an ac voltage waveform. The 3rd pin is used by the ECM as an earth screen, this screen
protects the integrity of the CKP sensor signal to ensure that outside electrical interference is eliminated, it is
controlled via pin 45 of connector C0636 of the ECM. The ac voltage generated from the CKP sensor is relative to
engine speed.

Typical CKP sensor output

The above readings are dependent upon correct air gap between the tip of the CKP sensor and the passing teeth of
the reluctor ring. The correct air gap between the tip of the CKP sensor and the passing teeth of the reluctor ring can
be set by the correct fitting of a spacer as follows:

l

9.2 mm spacer for vehicles with manual gearbox fitted.

l

18 mm spacer for vehicles with automatic gearbox fitted.

It is vital that the correct air gap is maintained, if the air gap becomes too wide the CKP signal becomes too weak,
causing possible engine misfires to occur.

The CKP sensor can fail the following ways or supply incorrect signal:

l

Sensor assembly loose.

l

Incorrect spacer fitted.

l

Sensor open circuit.

l

Sensor short circuit.

l

Incorrect fitting and integrity of the sensor.

l

Water ingress at sensor connector

l

ECM unable to detect the software reference point.

l

Ferrous contamination of crank sensor pin/reluctor

ENGINE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM - V8

18-2-14 DESCRIPTION AND OPERATION

In the event of a CKP sensor signal failure any of the following symptoms may be observed:

l

Engine cranks but fails to start.

l

MIL remains on at all times.

l

Engine misfires (CKP sensor incorrectly fitted).

l

Engine runs roughly or even stalls (CKP sensor incorrectly fitted).

l

Tachometer fails to work.

l

Flywheel adaption reset – ferrous contamination

If the CKP sensor fails while the engine is running the engine will suddenly stall, this is because the CKP sensor has
no backup strategy. If this happens the ECM will produce a fault code that it can store in its memory. If the engine is
not running when the CKP sensor fails, the vehicle will crank but will be unlikely to start, and no fault code will be
generated. In this instance the MIL lamp will remain illuminated and the tachometer will fail to read.

It is vital that the CKP sensor output wires are not reversed (i.e. the connector is fitted incorrectly) as this will cause
a 3

°

advance in ignition timing. This happens because the ECM uses the falling edge of the signal waveform as its

reference or timing point for each passing tooth on the reluctor.

Whenever a new crankshaft position sensor is fitted or the flywheel is removed, the adaptive values will have to be
reset, using TestBook.

Should a malfunction of the component occur, the following fault codes may be evident and can be retrieved by
TestBook:

Camshaft Position (CMP) sensor (C0176)

The CMP sensor is located on the front of the engine, above and behind the crankshaft pulley. The CMP sensor is a
Hall effect sensor producing four pulses for every two crankshaft revolutions. The sensor is positioned close to the
camshaft gear wheel, the gear wheel has four slots machined at 90

°

intervals. This allows the ECM to recognise 4

individual cylinders every camshaft revolution or all 8 cylinders every crankshaft revolution.

The CMP sensor Hall effect works as a magnetic switch. It switches battery voltage on or off depending on the position
of the camshaft gear wheel in relationship to the sensor.

The ECM uses this signal for cylinder recognition to control sequential fuel injection, engine knock and diagnostic
purposes.

P Code

J2012 description

Land Rover description

P0335

Crankshaft position sensor a circuit malfunction

Reference mark outside search window for more than
two revs, with engine speed above 500 rev/min

P0336

Crankshaft position sensor a circuit range/
performance

Incorrect number of teeth detected

±

1 tooth between

reference marks with engine speed above 500 rpm